Stating Identity with は and です

Saying What Something Is Not

Asking Questions & Softening with Particles

Possession, ‘Also,’ & Listing Nouns

Describing with い-Adjectives

Describing with な-Adjectives & Asking ‘What Kind?’

There Is / There Are

Scope, Range & Spatial Reference

Must Do & Don’t Have To

Giving Advice & Expressing Excess

Explaining Yourself & Asking Why / How

Speculating & Reflecting

The Three Verb Groups & ます-Form

Verb Tenses: Past, Negative & Past-Negative

What You Act On

Where You’re Going & When

Where Actions Happen & By What Means

Because & Since

But & However

Building the て-Form & Making Requests

Negative Requests & ‘Without Doing’

Permission & Prohibition

Ongoing Actions, Habits & States

When, Before & After

Still, Already, Always & Not Yet

Let’s, Shall I & Would You Like To?

The た-Form & Past Experiences

Listing Activities You Do

Wanting to Do & Wanting Things

Purpose, Intentions & Decisions

Comparing Two Things

The Best & The Most

Becoming & Changing State

How To Do Things

Expressing Skills & Preferences for Activities